{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T14:00:27Z","timestamp":1785592827311,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Sangre de grado is an Amazonian herbal medicine used to facilitate the healing of gastric ulcers and to treat gastritis, diarrhea, skin lesions, and insect stings. This study was designed to evaluate the gastrointestinal applications. Gastric ulcers were induced in rats by brief serosal exposure of the fundus to acetic acid (80%). Sangre de grado was administered in drinking water at 1:1,000 and 1:10,000 dilutions from the postoperative period to day 7. Guinea pig ileum secretory responses to capsaicin, electrical field stimulation, and the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) agonist [Sar<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>,Met(O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>]substance P were examined in Ussing chambers. Sangre de grado facilitated the healing of experimental gastric ulcer, reducing myeloperoxidase activity, ulcer size, and bacterial content of the ulcer. The expression of proinflammatory genes tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6, and cyclooxygenase-2 was upregulated by ulcer induction but reduced by sangre de grado treatment, particularly iNOS and IL-6. In Ussing chambers, sangre de grado impaired the secretory response to capsaicin but not to electrical field stimulation or the NK-1 agonist. We conclude that sangre de grado is a potent, cost-effective treatment for gastrointestinal ulcers and distress via antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and sensory afferent-dependent actions. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2000.279.1.g192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,24]],"date-time":"2017-12-24T15:30:49Z","timestamp":1514129449000},"page":"G192-G200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Treatment of gastric ulcers and diarrhea with the Amazonian herbal medicine sangre de grado"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"279","author":[{"given":"Mark J. S.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208;"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wallace K.","family":"MacNaughton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208;"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane H.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208;"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randi M.","family":"Charbonnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208;"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Bobrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208;"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Lao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Tingo Maria, Peru; 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