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Control animals had 1,000-fold more colony-forming units of E. coli per milliliter of blood than treated animals ( P &lt; 0.001). Liver cultures from control animals had a twofold increase in bacterial counts compared with cultures from rh-LF-treated pups ( P &lt; 0.02). Oral therapy with rh-LF + FeSO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>did not alter the protective effect. In vitro studies confirmed that rh-LF interacted with the infecting bacterium and rat macrophages. An in vitro assay showed that rh-LF did not kill E. coli, but a combination of rh-LF + lysozyme was microbicidal. In vitro studies showed that rat macrophages released escalating amounts of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 when stimulated with increasing concentrations of rh-LF. The in vitro studies suggest that rh-LF may act with other \u201cnatural peptide antibiotics\u201d or may prime macrophages to kill E. coli in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.281.5.g1140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,24]],"date-time":"2017-12-24T16:03:09Z","timestamp":1514131389000},"page":"G1140-G1150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Lactoferrin protects neonatal rats from gut-related systemic infection"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"281","author":[{"given":"Lynn","family":"Edde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724;"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronaldo B.","family":"Hipolito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, California 95616;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freda F. 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