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A 1-cm ITO disk was patterned photolithographically and positioned between 0.3-cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>mesh shock electrodes on the ventricular epicardium of isolated perfused rabbit hearts stained with 4-{2-[6-(dibutylamino)-2-naphthylenal]ethenyl}-1-(3-sulfopropyl)-, hydroxide, inner salt (di-4-ANEPPS). For a 1-A, 10-ms shock during the action potential plateau, optical maps from fluorescence collected using emission ratiometry (excitation at 488 nm and emissions at 510\u2013570 and &gt;590 nm) indicated that the disk altered V<jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>by as much as the height of an action potential. \u0394 V<jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>became more positive near the edge of the disk, where the ITO conductance gradient was parallel to applied current, and more negative near the opposite edge, where the gradient was not parallel to current. For diastolic shocks, the disk expedited membrane excitation at the sites of positive \u0394 V<jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>in the heart and in a cardiac model with realistic ITO disk surface and interfacial conductances. Optical maps of ITO transmittance and the model indicated that the disk introduced anodal and cathodal stimulatory current at opposite edges of the disk. Thus ITO allows study of the stimulatory effects of a passive conductor in an electric field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00064.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,14]],"date-time":"2005-05-14T00:15:45Z","timestamp":1116029745000},"page":"H1137-H1146","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Use of translucent indium tin oxide to measure stimulatory effects of a passive conductor during field stimulation of rabbit hearts"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"289","author":[{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Knisley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew E.","family":"Pollard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1114\/1.210"},{"key":"R2","unstructured":"Blech I.Properties of materials. 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