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The symposium \u201cNew Roles of Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptors in Cardiovascular Disease: Translational and Sex-Specific Effects\u201d presented at the 38th World Congress of the International Union of Physiological Sciences (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) highlighted the contribution of extrarenal MRs to cardiovascular disease. This symposium showcased how MRs expressed in endothelial, vascular smooth muscle, and immune cells plays a critical role in the development of vascular disease associated with aging, obesity, and chronic aldosterone stimulation and demonstrated that MR antagonism prevents the acute renal dysfunction and tubular injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury. It was also shown that the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin is a new direct regulator of aldosterone secretion and that leptin-mediated aldosterone production is a major contributor to obesity-associated hypertension in women. Sex differences in the role of aldosterone and of endothelial MR in the cardiovascular outcomes of obesity were highlighted. 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