{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T05:40:34Z","timestamp":1778910034192,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG 890311 and CMRPG890312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG 890311 and CMRPG890312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG871341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG871341"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CLRPG871342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CLRPG871342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OMRPG8C0021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OMRPG8C0021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) in the thoracic spinal cord regulate vasomotor tone via norepinephrine released from sympathetic terminals and adrenal medulla. We assessed the hypothesis that nitric oxide synthase I (NOS I)- and NOS II-derived nitric oxide (NO) in the thoracic spinal cord differentially modulate sympathetic outflow and that the adrenal medulla may be involved in those modulatory actions. In Sprague-Dawley rats, NOS I immunoreactivity was distributed primarily in the perikaryon, proximal dendrites, or axons of SPN, and small clusters of NOS II immunoreactivity impinged mainly on the circumference of SPN. Intrathecal administration of 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), a specific NOS I antagonist, into the thoracic spinal cord significantly reduced arterial pressure, heart rate, and basal or baroreflex-mediated sympathetic vasomotor tone. On the other hand, intrathecal application of S-methylisothiourea (SMT), a specific NOS II antagonist, elevated arterial pressure with a transient reduction of heart rate, induced a surge of plasma norepinephrine, and reduced baroreflex-mediated but not basal sympathetic vasomotor tone. Bilateral adrenalectomy significantly exacerbated the cardiovascular responses to 7-NI but antagonized those to SMT. We conclude that both NOS I and NOS II are present in the thoracic spinal cord and are tonically active under physiological conditions. Furthermore, the endogenous NO generated by NOS I-containing SPN exerts a tonic excitatory action on vasomotor tone mediated by norepinephrine released from the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerve terminals. On the other hand, NO derived from NOS II exerts a tonic inhibitory action on sympathetic outflow from the SPN that targets primarily the blood vessels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00246.2016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,2]],"date-time":"2016-07-02T02:15:59Z","timestamp":1467425759000},"page":"H555-H562","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Endogenous nitric oxide derived from NOS I or II in thoracic spinal cord exerts opposing tonic modulation on sympathetic vasomotor tone via disparate mechanisms in anesthetized rats"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"311","author":[{"given":"Yan-Yuen","family":"Poon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China;"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Yi","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chung-Dar","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice Y. 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