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Importantly, the decline in endothelial function is independent of chronological age and is associated with estrogen deficiency. Estrogen-mediated effects, including increasing nitric oxide bioavailability and attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation, contribute to preserving endothelial health. This review will discuss studies that have probed the role of estrogen on endothelial vasodilator function in women at discrete stages of the menopause transition and the effects of estradiol supplementation in postmenopausal women. Estrogen receptor signaling is also an important aspect of endothelial function in women, and studies suggest that expression is reduced with both acute and prolonged estrogen deficiency. Changes in regulatory mechanisms of estrogen receptor-\u03b1 expression as well as sensitivity to estrogen may underlie the differential effects of estrogen therapy in early (\u22645 yr past final menstrual period) and late postmenopausal women (&gt;5 yr past final menstrual period). Lastly, this review presents potential therapeutic targets that include increasing l-arginine bioavailability and estrogen receptor activation to prevent endothelial dysfunction in postmenopausal women as a strategy for decreasing CVD mortality in this high-risk population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00430.2018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,7]],"date-time":"2019-06-07T15:36:05Z","timestamp":1559921765000},"page":"H395-H404","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["Aging women and their endothelium: probing the relative role of estrogen on vasodilator function"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"317","author":[{"given":"Yasina B.","family":"Somani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Pawelczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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