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In recent years, in addition to continuous exercise training, further training modalities such as high-intensity interval training and pyramid training have been introduced for coronary artery disease patients. The beneficial effect for patients with CVD is clearly documented, and during the last years, we have also started to understand the molecular mechanisms occurring in the skeletal muscle (limb muscle and diaphragm) and endothelium, two systems contributing to exercise intolerance in these patients. In the present review, we describe the effects of the different training modalities in CVD and summarize the molecular effects mainly in the skeletal muscle and cardiovascular system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00470.2016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,6]],"date-time":"2017-05-06T00:50:21Z","timestamp":1494031821000},"page":"H72-H88","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Molecular effects of exercise training in patients with cardiovascular disease: focus on skeletal muscle, endothelium, and myocardium"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"313","author":[{"given":"Volker","family":"Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Internal Medicine\/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Reich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and 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