{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T02:47:26Z","timestamp":1790218046795,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Males exhibit enhanced myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury versus females under hypercontractile conditions associated with increased sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>. We therefore examined whether there were gender differences in SR Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>. We used NMR Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> indicator 1,2-bis(2-amino-5,6-difluorophenoxy)-ethane- N,N,N\u2032, N\u2032-tetraacetic acid to measure SR Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> in perfused rabbit hearts. Isoproterenol increased SR Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> in males from a baseline of 1.13 \u00b1 0.07 to 1.52 \u00b1 0.24 mM ( P &lt; 0.05). Female hearts had basal SR Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> that was not significantly different from males (1.04 \u00b1 0.03 mM), and addition of isoproterenol to females resulted in a time-averaged SR Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> (0.97 \u00b1 0.07 mM) that was significantly less than in males. To confirm this difference, we measured caffeine-induced release of SR Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> with fura-2 in isolated ventricular myocytes. Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> release after caffeine in untreated male myocytes was 377 \u00b1 41 nM and increased to 650 \u00b1 55 nM in isoproterenol-treated myocytes ( P &lt; 0.05). Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> release after caffeine addition in untreated females was 376 \u00b1 27 nM and increased to 503 \u00b1 49 nM with isoproterenol, significantly less than in male myocytes treated with isoproterenol ( P &lt; 0.05). Treatment of female myocytes with N<jats:sup>G<\/jats:sup>-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), resulted in higher SR Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> release than that measured in females treated only with isoproterenol and was not significantly different from that measured in males with isoproterenol. Female myocytes also have significantly higher levels of neuronal NOS. This gender difference in SR Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> handling may contribute to reduced ischemia-reperfusion injury observed in females. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00557.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,3]],"date-time":"2015-03-03T15:15:00Z","timestamp":1425395700000},"page":"H2657-H2662","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Gender differences in sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium loading after isoproterenol"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"285","author":[{"given":"Jarvis","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratories of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, 27709; and Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Petranka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratories of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, 27709; and Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Yamamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratories of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, 27709; and Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"London","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratories of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, 27709; and Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Steenbergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratories of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, 27709; and Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratories of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, 27709; and Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"REF1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000019516.31040.2D"},{"key":"REF2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/416337a"},{"key":"REF3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bers DM. 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