{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:57:56Z","timestamp":1787497076852,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The heart valve leaflets of 29-day cholesterol-fed rabbits were examined by ultrarapid freezing without conventional chemical fixation\/processing, followed by rotary shadow freeze-etching. This procedure images the leaflets' subendothelial extracellular matrix in extraordinary detail, and extracellular lipid liposomes, from 23 to 220 nm in diameter, clearly appear there. These liposomes are linked to matrix filaments and appear in clusters. Their size distribution shows 60.7% with diameters 23\u201369 nm, 31.7% between 70 and 119 nm, 7.3% between 120 and 169 nm, and 0.3% between 170 and 220 nm (superlarge) and suggests that smaller liposomes can fuse into larger ones. We couple our model from Part II of this series (Zeng Z, Yin Y, Jan KM, Rumschitzki DS. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 292: H2671\u2013H2686, 2007) for lipid transport into the leaflet to the nucleation-polymerization model hierarchy for liposome formation proposed originally for aortic liposomes to predict liposome formation\/growth in heart valves. Simulations show that the simplest such model cannot account for the observed size distribution. However, modifying this model by including liposome fusing\/merging, using parameters determined from aortic liposomes, leads to predicted size distributions in excellent agreement with our valve data. Evolutions of both the liposome size distribution and total liposome mass suggest that fusing becomes significant only after 2 wk of high lumen cholesterol. Inclusion of phagocytosis by macrophages limits the otherwise monotonically increasing total liposome mass, while keeping the excellent fit of the liposome size distribution to the data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00606.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,19]],"date-time":"2007-01-19T20:41:02Z","timestamp":1169239262000},"page":"H2687-H2697","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Macromolecular transport in heart valves. III. Experiment and theory for the size distribution of extracellular liposomes in hyperlipidemic rabbits"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"292","author":[{"given":"Zhongqing","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Nievelstein-Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongyi","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kung-Ming","family":"Jan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy S.","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Rumschitzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2891385"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00786-1"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.10.2.188"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demer LL\n                      .\n                      Cholesterol in vascular and valvular calcification.\n                      Circulation\n                      104\n                      : 1881\u20131883, 2001.","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.104.16.1881"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(87)90280-2"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank JS\n                      , Fogelman AM.\n                      Ultrastructure of the intima in WHHL and cholesterol-fed rabbit aortas prepared by ultra-rapid freezing and freeze-etching.\n                      J Lipid Res\n                      30\n                      : 967\u2013978, 1989.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)38299-7"},{"key":"R7","unstructured":"Gerrity RG\n                      .\n                      The role of the monocyte in atherogenesis. 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Transition of blood-borne monocytes into foam cells in fatty lesions.\n                      Am J Pathol\n                      103\n                      : 181\u2013190, 1981."},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2895794"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10251"},{"key":"R10","unstructured":"Moore S\n                      , Belbeck LW, Richardson M, Taylor W.\n                      Lipid accumulation in the neointima formed in normally fed rabbits in response to one or six removals of the aortic endothelium.\n                      Lab Invest\n                      47\n                      : 37\u201342, 1982."},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.14.7.1151"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.11.6.1795"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.16.4.523"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)03001-6"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb42271.x"},{"key":"R16","unstructured":"Simionescu N\n                      , Vasile E, Lupu F, Popescu G, Simionescu M.\n                      Prelesional events in atherogenesis. Accumulation of extracellular cholesterol-rich liposomes in the arterial intima and cardiac valves of the hyperlipidemic rabbit.\n                      Am J Pathol\n                      123\n                      : 109\u2013125, 1986."},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(87)90234-6"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.64.6.1213"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711010302"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1997.272.2.H1033"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01419.2006"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00608.2006"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/ajpheart.00606.2006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,7]],"date-time":"2021-08-07T18:24:25Z","timestamp":1628360665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/ajpheart.00606.2006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/ajpheart.00606.2006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.00606.2006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-6135","1522-1539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-6135","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1539","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]}}}