{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T02:06:30Z","timestamp":1788228390440,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Swimming involves muscular activity and submersion, creating a conflict of autonomic reflexes elicited by the trigeminal receptors and skeletal muscle afferents. We sought to determine the autonomic cardiovascular responses to separate and concurrent stimulation of the trigeminal cutaneous receptors and metabolically sensitive skeletal muscle afferents (muscle metaboreflex). In eight healthy men (30 \u00b1 2 yr) muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA; microneurography), mean arterial pressure (MAP; Finometer), femoral artery blood flow (duplex Doppler ultrasonography), and femoral vascular conductance (femoral artery blood flow\/MAP) were assessed during the following three experimental conditions: 1) facial cooling (trigeminal nerve stimulation), 2) postexercise ischemia (PEI; muscle metaboreflex activation) following isometric handgrip, and 3) trigeminal nerve stimulation with concurrent PEI. Trigeminal nerve stimulation produced significant increases in MSNA total activity (\u0394347 \u00b1 167%) and MAP (\u039421 \u00b1 5%) and a reduction in femoral artery vascular conductance (\u0394\u221217 \u00b1 9%). PEI also evoked significant increases in MSNA total activity (\u0394234 \u00b1 83%) and MAP (\u039436 \u00b1 4%) and a slight nonsignificant reduction in femoral artery vascular conductance (\u0394\u22129 \u00b1 12%). Trigeminal nerve stimulation with concurrent PEI evoked changes in MSNA total activity (\u0394341 \u00b1 96%), MAP (\u039439 \u00b1 4%), and femoral artery vascular conductance (\u0394\u221220 \u00b1 9%) that were similar to those evoked by either separate trigeminal nerve stimulation or separate PEI. Thus, excitatory inputs from the trigeminal nerve and metabolically sensitive skeletal muscle afferents do not summate algebraically in eliciting a MSNA and cardiovascular response but rather exhibit synaptic occlusion, suggesting a high degree of convergent inputs on output neurons. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00728.2014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,20]],"date-time":"2014-12-20T02:04:39Z","timestamp":1419041079000},"page":"H367-H375","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Diving and exercise: The interaction of trigeminal receptors and muscle metaboreceptors on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"308","author":[{"given":"James P.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United 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