{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:54:53Z","timestamp":1790762093193,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"5","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council (MRC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004477","name":"Universiteit Stellenbosch (Stellenbosch University)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004477","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although rollout of combined antiretroviral treatment (cART) has blunted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) onset, there is increased development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in HIV-infected individuals. While most HIV-infected individuals on cART achieve viral suppression, this may not necessarily result in complete immunological recovery. This study therefore evaluated T-cell-mediated changes and coagulation markers in HIV-positive individuals to ascertain their potential to increase CVD risk. Eighty participants were recruited (Worcester, South Africa), and fasted blood was collected to evaluate: 1) immune activation (CD38 expression on CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells) and thrombus formation [tissue factor (CD142)] on CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells; 2) monocyte subpopulations (nonclassical, intermediate, and classical); and 3) classical regulatory T (Treg) cells with activation markers [glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP) and special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 1 (SATB-1)]. High- and low-density lipoprotein subclasses (Lipoprint) were also determined. This study revealed four key findings for HIV-positive patients: 1) coexpression of the CD142 coagulation marker together with immune activation on both CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells during chronic infection stages; 2) Treg cell activation and upregulated GARP and SATB-1 contributing to Treg dysfunction in chronic HIV; 3) proatherogenic monocyte subset expansion with significant correlation between T-cell activation and macrophage activation (marker: CD163); and 4) significant correlation between immune activation and lipid subclasses, revealing crucial changes that can be missed by traditional lipid marker assessments (LDL and HDL). These data also implicate lipopolysaccharide-binding protein as a crucial link between immune activation, lipid alterations, and increased CVD risk.<\/jats:p><jats:p>NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY With combined antiretroviral treatment rollout, HIV-AIDS patients are increasingly associated with cardiovascular diseases onset. This study demonstrated the significant interplay between adaptive immune cell activation and monocyte\/macrophage markers in especially HIV-positive individuals with virological failure and on second line treatment. Our data also show a unique link between immune activation and lipid subclass alterations, revealing important changes that can be missed by traditional lipid marker assessments (e.g., LDL and HDL).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00797.2018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,15]],"date-time":"2019-02-15T19:57:10Z","timestamp":1550260630000},"page":"H1146-H1157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["HIV and cardiovascular diseases risk: exploring the interplay between T-cell activation, coagulation, monocyte subsets, and lipid subclass alterations"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"316","author":[{"given":"Eman","family":"Teer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardio-Metabolic Research Group, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danzil E.","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardio-Metabolic Research Group, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Driescher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardio-Metabolic Research Group, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo A.","family":"Nell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardio-Metabolic Research Group, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanne","family":"Dominick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardio-Metabolic Research Group, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Midgley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardio-Metabolic Research Group, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaurang","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardio-Metabolic Research Group, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardio-Metabolic Research Group, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etheresia","family":"Pretorius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardio-Metabolic Research Group, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Woudberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Lecour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard H.","family":"Glashoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8434-4294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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