{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:16:43Z","timestamp":1775175403388,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15K12672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15K12672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The purpose of the present study was to test our hypothesis that unloading the carotid baroreceptors alters the threshold and gain of the muscle metaboreflex in humans. Ten healthy subjects performed a static handgrip exercise at 50% of maximum voluntary contraction. Contraction was sustained for 15, 30, 45, and 60 s and was followed by 3 min of forearm circulatory arrest, during which forearm muscular pH is known to decrease linearly with increasing contraction time. The carotid baroreceptors were unloaded by applying 0.1-Hz sinusoidal neck pressure (oscillating from +15 to +50 mmHg) during ischemia. We estimated the threshold and gain of the muscle metaboreflex by analyzing the relationship between the cardiovascular responses during ischemia and the amount of work done during the exercise. In the condition with unloading of the carotid baroreceptors, the muscle metaboreflex thresholds for mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and total vascular resistance (TVR) corresponded to significantly lower work levels than the control condition (threshold for MAP: 795 \u00b1 102 vs. 662 \u00b1 208 mmHg and threshold for TVR: 818 \u00b1 213 vs. 572 \u00b1 292 kg\u00b7s, P &lt; 0.05), but the gains did not differ between the two conditions (gain for MAP: 4.9 \u00b1 1.7 vs. 4.4 \u00b1 1.6 mmHg\u00b7kg\u00b7s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00b7100 and gain for TVR: 1.3 \u00b1 0.8 vs. 1.3 \u00b1 0.7 mmHg\u00b7l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00b7min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00b7kg\u00b7s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00b7100). We conclude that the carotid baroreflex modifies the muscle metaboreflex threshold in humans. Our results suggest the carotid baroreflex brakes the muscle metaboreflex, thereby inhibiting muscle metaboreflex-mediated pressor and vasoconstriction responses. <\/jats:p><jats:p> NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY We found that unloading the carotid baroreceptors shifts the pressor threshold of the muscle metaboreflex toward lower metabolic stimulation levels in humans. This finding indicates that, in the normal loading state, the carotid baroreflex inhibits the muscle metaboreflex pressor response by shifting the reflex threshold to higher metabolic stimulation levels. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00816.2016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,7]],"date-time":"2017-07-07T21:10:35Z","timestamp":1499461835000},"page":"H650-H657","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The carotid baroreflex modifies the pressor threshold of the muscle metaboreflex in humans"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"313","author":[{"given":"Masashi","family":"Ichinose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Integrative Physiology Laboratory, School of Business Administration, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Ichinose-Kuwahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Integrative Physiology Laboratory, School of Business Administration, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan;"},{"name":"Laboratory for Human Performance Research, Osaka International University, Osaka, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuhito","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narihiko","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Faculty of Human Development, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Nishiyasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1937.sp003485"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00462.2010"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.209353"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.47.2.208"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00472.2013"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00237.2002"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273816"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00076.2011"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00063.2015"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2691-y"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00673.2004"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.150060"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00847.2005"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.024794"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00119.2012"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01187.2007"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00833.2012"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00909.2009"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.50.1.133"},{"key":"B20","first-page":"I60","volume":"61","author":"Kaufman MP","year":"1987","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.57.3.644"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00501.2016"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.5.1979"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(96)01211-5"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01040.2004"},{"key":"B26","unstructured":"Mancia G, Mark AL. 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