{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T13:50:10Z","timestamp":1773409810092,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study tested the hypothesis that short-term dietary deficiency of magnesium (Mg) (21 days) in rats would 1) result in decreased serum(s) [the present study tested the levels of Mg, sphingomyelin (SM), and phosphatidylcholine (PC)]; 2) promote DNA fragmentation, lipid peroxidation (LP), and activation of caspase-3 in cardiac (ventricular and atrial) and vascular(aortic) muscle; and 3) low levels of Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>added to drinking water would either prevent or greatly ameliorate these manifestations. The data indicate that short-term Mg deficiency (10% normal dietary intake) resulted in profound reductions in serum-ionized Mg and total Mg with an elevation in serum-ionized calcium (Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>), significant lowering of serum SM and serum PC, with concomitant LP, DNA fragmentation, and activation of caspase-3 in ventricular (right and left chambers), atrial (right and left chambers) and abdominal aortic smooth muscle. The greater the reduction in serum-ionized Mg, the greater the effects on DNA fragmentation, LP, and caspase-3 activity. The intake of water-borne Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>at all levels greatly attenuated or inhibited the reductions in serum SM and serum PC, activation of LP, DNA fragmentation, and the activation of caspase-3; even very low levels of Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>in drinking water (i.e., 15 parts\u00b7million<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00b7day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) were cardio- and vascular protective. In addition, we demonstrate that short-term dietary deficiency of Mg probably results in a downregulation of SM synthase and a decreased synthesis of PC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01154.2008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,9]],"date-time":"2009-05-09T01:46:27Z","timestamp":1241833587000},"page":"H86-H92","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Short-term magnesium deficiency results in decreased levels of serum sphingomyelin, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis in cardiovascular tissues"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"297","author":[{"given":"Burton M.","family":"Altura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nilank C.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xian-Cheng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Perez-Albela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony C.","family":"Sica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bella T.","family":"Altura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Altura BM, Altura BT.Magnesium and cardiovascular biology: an important link between cardiovascular risk factors and atherogenesis.Cell Mol Biol Res41: 347\u2013359, 1995."},{"key":"R2","unstructured":"Altura BM, Altura BT.Magnesium: forgotten mineral in cardiovascular biology and atherogenesis. In:New Perspectives in Magnesium Research, edited by Nishizawa N, Morii H, and Durlach J. New York: Springer, 2007, p. 239\u2013260."},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6701524"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(02)00772-4"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(03)00987-7"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4439(93)90077-E"},{"key":"R7","unstructured":"Altura BT, Altura BM.Measurement of ionized magnesium in whole blood, plasma and serum with a new ion-selective electrode in healthy and diseased human subjects.Magnes Trace Elem10: 90\u201398, 1991."},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.5.1840"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00471-0"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703515"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0620315"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chipperfield B, Chipperfield JR.Relation of myocardial metal concentrations to water hardness and death from ischemic heart disease.Lancet2: 709\u2013712, 1979.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)90641-X"},{"key":"R13","unstructured":"Durlach J, Bara M, Guiet-Bara A.Magnesium level in drinking water and cardiovascular risk factor: a hypothesis.Magnesium4: 5\u201315, 1985."},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(92)90633-7"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.9.2879"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/121.8.1222"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hannun YA.The sphingomyelin cycle and the second messenger function of ceramide.J Biol Chem269: 3125\u20133128, 1994.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)41834-5"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5294.1855"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.12.11.999"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.20.12.2614"},{"key":"R21","unstructured":"Kaplan LA, Pesce AJ, Kazmierczak SC.Clinical Chemistry. Theory, Analysis, Correlation(4th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby, 2003."},{"key":"R22","unstructured":"Kobayashi J.On geographical relationship between the chemical nature of river water and death from apoplexy.Berichte des Ohara Inst fur Landwirtsch Biol11: 12\u201321, 1957."},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02815356"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(94)90186-4"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.3.4.389"},{"key":"R26","unstructured":"Leary WP.Content of magnesium in drinking water and deaths from ischemic heart disease in white South Africans.Magnesium5: 150\u2013153, 1986."},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187231207780363651"},{"key":"R28","unstructured":"Mahfouz MM, Zhou Q, Kummerow FA.Cholesterol oxides in plasma and lipoproteins of magnesium-deficient rabbits and effects of their lipoproteins on endothelial barrier function.Magnes Res7: 207\u2013222, 1994."},{"key":"R29","unstructured":"Marier JR, Neri LC.Quantifying the role of magnesium in the interrelationship between human mortality\/morbidity and water hardness.Magnesium4: 53\u201359, 1985."},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017957"},{"key":"R31","unstructured":"Matassov D, Kagan T, Leblanc J, Sihorska M, Zakari Z.Measurement of apoptosis by DNA fragmentation. In:Apoptosis Methods and Protocols, edited by Brady HJ. Totowa: Humana, 2004, p. 1\u201317."},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)00420-1"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)01446-X"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8456305"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.1988"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200009280-00013"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00172.2002"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00562-7"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1986.10720153"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1993.10718293"},{"key":"R41","unstructured":"Rock E, Astier C, Lab C, Vignon X, Gueux E, Motta C, Rayssiguier Y.Dietary magnesium deficiency in rats enhances free radical production in skeletal muscle.J Nutr1251205\u20131210, 1995."},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubenowitz E, Molin I, Axelsson G, Rylander R.Magnesium in drinking water in relation to morbidity and mortality from acute myocardial infarction.Epidemiology11: 416\u2013421, 2003.","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200007000-00009"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(60)90002-3"},{"key":"R44","unstructured":"Singh RB.Magnesium status and risk of coronary artery disease in rural and urban populations with variable magnesium consumption.Magnes Res1: 205\u2013213, 1997."},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3160025"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/93.10.776"},{"key":"R47","unstructured":"Tejero-Taido MI, Chmielinska JJ, Weglicki WB.Chronic dietary Mg2+deficiency induces cardiac apoptosis in the rat heart.Magnes Res20: 208\u2013212, 2007."},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1989.257.2.C270"},{"key":"R49","unstructured":"Vaandrager AB, Houweling M.Effect of ceramides on phospholipid biosynthesis and its implications for apoptosis. In:Phospholipid Metabolism in Apoptosis, edited by Quinn PJ and Kagan VE. New York: Kluwer Academic, 2002, p. 207\u2013227."},{"key":"R50","unstructured":"Weglicki WB, Mak IT, Dickens BF, Stafford RE, Komarov AM, Gibson B, Cassidy MM, Phillips TM, Kramer JH.Neuropeptides, free radical stress and antioxidants in models of Mg-deficient cardiomyopathy. In:Magnesium: Current Status and New Developments, edited by Theophanides Y and Anastassopolou J. London: Kluwer Academic, 1997, p. 169\u2013178."},{"key":"R51","unstructured":"Weglicki WB, Phillips TM, Freedman AM, Cassidy MM, Dickens BF.Magnesium-deficiency elevates circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines and endothelin.Mol Cell Biochem118: 105\u2013111, 1992."},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4439(94)90073-6"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wymann MP, Schneiter R.Lipid signaling in disease.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol9: 162\u2013176, 2008.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2335"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.13.1.135"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.5.H1421"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/ajpheart.01154.2008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T03:59:36Z","timestamp":1633406376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/ajpheart.01154.2008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/ajpheart.01154.2008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.01154.2008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-6135","1522-1539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-6135","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1539","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}}}