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A dose-dependent increase in the protein, LDH, and \u03b3-glutamyl transferase activities in bronchoalveolar lavage were found along with accumulation of 4-hydroxynonenal (oxidative biomarker) and depletion of glutathione in lungs. An early neutrophils accumulation ( day 1), followed by lymphocyte ( day 3) and macrophage ( day 7) influx, was accompanied by early elevation of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2; day 1) followed by fibrogenic transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b21 (peaked on day 7). A rapid progressive fibrosis found in mice exhibited two distinct morphologies: 1) SWCNT-induced granulomas mainly associated with hypertrophied epithelial cells surrounding SWCNT aggregates and 2) diffuse interstitial fibrosis and alveolar wall thickening likely associated with dispersed SWCNT. In vitro exposure of murine RAW 264.7 macrophages to SWCNT triggered TGF-\u03b21 production similarly to zymosan but generated less TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2. SWCNT did not cause superoxide or NO\u00b7production, active SWCNT engulfment, or apoptosis in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Functional respiratory deficiencies and decreased bacterial clearance ( Listeria monocytogenes) were found in mice treated with SWCNT. Equal doses of ultrafine carbon black particles or fine crystalline silica (SiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) did not induce granulomas or alveolar wall thickening and caused a significantly weaker pulmonary inflammation and damage. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00084.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T00:14:14Z","timestamp":1118448854000},"page":"L698-L708","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1049,"title":["Unusual inflammatory and fibrogenic pulmonary responses to single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"289","author":[{"given":"Anna A.","family":"Shvedova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena R.","family":"Kisin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Mercer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley R.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alla I.","family":"Potapovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulia Y.","family":"Tyurina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Gorelik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sevaram","family":"Arepalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Schwegler-Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann F.","family":"Hubbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Antonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas E.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bon-Ki","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawn","family":"Ramsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Maynard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerian E.","family":"Kagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Castranova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Baron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Adelman P, Baierl T, Drosselmeyer E, Politis C, Polzer G, Seidel A, and Steinleitner C. 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