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Genetic shift in particular has led to four pandemics in the last century, which have prompted the development of efficient global surveillance and vaccination programs. Although the influenza pandemic of 2009 emphasized the need for the rapid standardization of global surveillance methods and the preparation and dissemination of global assay standards for improved reporting and diagnostic tools, outbreaks of novel influenza strains continue to occur, and current efforts must be enhanced by aggressive public education programs to promote increased vaccination rates in the global population. Recently, a novel H7N9 avian influenza virus with potential to become a pandemic strain emerged in China and was transmitted from animals to humans with a demonstrated &gt;20% mortality rate. Sporadic outbreaks of highly lethal avian virus strains have already increased public awareness and altered annual vaccine production strategies to prevent the natural adaption of this virus to human-to-human transmission. Additional strategies for combating influenza include advancement of new antivirals for unexploited viral or host cellular targets; novel adjuvants and alternate vaccine delivery systems; and development of universal protein, DNA, or multivalent vaccines designed to increase immune responsiveness and enhance public health response times.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00105.2013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,25]],"date-time":"2013-05-25T05:05:45Z","timestamp":1369458345000},"page":"L108-L117","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Adapting global influenza management strategies to address emerging viruses"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"305","author":[{"given":"Diana L.","family":"Noah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Noah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals","author":"Acha PN","year":"2003","edition":"3"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg007"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.151522"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.01.106"},{"key":"B6","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Alert Network. 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