{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T13:07:30Z","timestamp":1768482450797,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> A dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been involved in the genesis of lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome from different causes, including several viral infections. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection of pneumocytes, the hallmark of the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) involving both alveolar interstitium and capillaries, is linked to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding and its functional downregulation. ACE2 is a key enzyme for the balance between the two main arms of the RAS: the ACE\/angiotensin (Ang) II\/Ang II type 1 receptor axis (\u201cclassic RAS\u201d) and the ACE2\/Ang(1\u20137)\/Mas receptor (MasR) axis (\u201canti-RAS\u201d). The ACE2 downregulation, as a result of SARS-coronaviruses binding, enhances the classic RAS, leading to lung damage and inflammation with leaky pulmonary blood vessels and fibrosis, when the attenuation mediated by the anti-RAS arm is reduced. ACE inhibitors (ACE-I) and Ang II type 1 receptor blockers (ARB), effective in cardiovascular diseases, were found to prevent and counteract acute lung injury in several experimental models by restoring the balance between these two opposing arms. The evidence of RAS arm disequilibrium in COVID-19 and the hypothesis of a beneficial role of RAS modulation supported by preclinical and clinical studies are the focus of the present review. Preclinical and clinical studies on drugs balancing RAS arms might be the right way to counter COVID-19. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00189.2020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T17:56:01Z","timestamp":1594230961000},"page":"L325-L336","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Disequilibrium between the classic renin-angiotensin system and its opposing arm in SARS-CoV-2-related lung injury"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"319","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5159-0181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Sarzani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, \u201cHypertension Excellence Centre\u201d of the European Society of Hypertension, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura per Anziani, Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, University \u201cPolitecnica delle Marche,\u201d Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Giulietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, \u201cHypertension Excellence Centre\u201d of the European Society of Hypertension, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura per Anziani, Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, University \u201cPolitecnica delle Marche,\u201d Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Di Pentima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, \u201cHypertension Excellence Centre\u201d of the European Society of Hypertension, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura per Anziani, Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, University \u201cPolitecnica delle Marche,\u201d Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piero","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, \u201cHypertension Excellence Centre\u201d of the European Society of Hypertension, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura per Anziani, Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Spannella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, \u201cHypertension Excellence Centre\u201d of the European Society of Hypertension, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura per Anziani, Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, University \u201cPolitecnica delle Marche,\u201d Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1470320314551443"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/atm.ATM_179_18"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.05.040"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.118.017129"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4326"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2019.12.002"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e4260"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2018.22.4.447"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.31.1.362"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.005819"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046941"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.040766"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31030-8"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866522666151013130550"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03743"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20180547"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.5.e1"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30116-8"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.510461"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.11301"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.19.4.339"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpu086"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25882"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01248-09"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5394"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19840"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1017"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15572"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.248559"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32484-X"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2018.1499293"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/377748a0"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03712"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1096"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000124667.34652.1a"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00153.2017"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00071.2009"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa624"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1823-x"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4266\/kjccm.2016.00976"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2010.00854.x"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1267"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1624"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa415"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.01.029"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1643-8"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.20105114"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-1515"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00058"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13057"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2006923"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0457fje"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409077"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1855"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1746200"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpt270"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0451OC"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa270"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000237862.94083.45"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000094"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4683"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2009.02153.x"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200370"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0244-8"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.09.005"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2008975"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7314"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05991-x"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.20.23034"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1432869100"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00723.2018"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-014-0054-3"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114029"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487320918421"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2012.47"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3282f624a0"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-017-0196-1"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153759"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047659"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109193"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e318189017a"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200912-1840OC"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201205-0880OC"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03871"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.0950"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22831"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001438"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.09.023"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-00941-6"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.02.010"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2011.11.019"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M200581200"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2016.05.012"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-019-0247-5"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21248"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001940"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-020-0074-x"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.310509"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2762"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15143"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07027"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2019.104350"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-015-0044-3"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317134"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0360-5"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.955369"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4594"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/ajplung.00189.2020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T22:07:15Z","timestamp":1596665235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/ajplung.00189.2020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/ajplung.00189.2020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajplung.00189.2020","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-0605","1522-1504"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-0605","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1504","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]}}}