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Mucociliary clearance was documented in 1835, but the first studies on the ciliary beat cycle did not appear until 1890, and a definitive description was not published until 1981. It was established in 1932 that goblet cells in the cat trachea were unresponsive to cholinergic agents; but only since 1980 or so has any significant progress been made on what does cause them to degranulate. Active transfer of salts across epithelia creates local osmotic gradients that drive transepithelial water flows. Vectorial salt transport was first described for airway epithelium in 1968, and the associated volume flows were measured in 1981. Evidence that airway epithelium releases signaling molecules first appeared in 1981. Since then, scores of molecules have been identified. 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