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The first component examined the interaction of nitrofen with various aspects of the retinoid signaling pathway including uptake proteins, binding proteins, receptors, conversion, and degradation enzymes. The second component examined the interactions of nitrofen and vitamins A, C, and E to test the hypothesis that nitrofen was functioning as an antioxidant to interfere with retinoid signaling. Third, we performed a series of experiments examining the interaction of nitrofen and thyroid signaling. Collectively, the data suggest that the primary aspect of retinoid signaling affected by nitrofen is via inhibition of the rate-limiting enzymes controlling retinoic acid synthesis. Retinoid signaling perturbations do not appear to involve oxidative effects of nitrofen. Any substantial roles of nitrofen-induced perturbations of thyroid hormone signaling or receptor function are not supported.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00286.2007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,18]],"date-time":"2007-08-18T00:43:48Z","timestamp":1187397828000},"page":"L1079-L1087","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Mechanisms of action of the congenital diaphragmatic hernia-inducing teratogen nitrofen"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"293","author":[{"given":"B. Rhiannon","family":"Noble","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Randal P.","family":"Babiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin D.","family":"Clugston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. 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