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However, how these transformed mesothelial cells contribute to lung fibrosis remains unclear. Here, we investigated the mechanism of contractile myofibroblast differentiation of PMCs. Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2) induced marked upregulation of calponin 1 expression, which was correlated with notable cytoskeletal rearrangement in human PMCs (HPMCs) to produce stress fibers. Downregulation of calponin 1 expression reduced stress fiber formation. Interestingly, induced stress fibers predominantly contain \u03b1-smooth muscle actin (\u03b1SMA) associated with calponin 1 but not \u03b2-actin. Calponin 1-associated stress fibers also contained myosin II and \u03b1-actinin. Furthermore, focal adhesions were aligned with the produced stress fibers. These results suggest that calponin 1 facilitates formation of stress fibers that resemble contractile myofibrils. Supporting this notion, TGF-\u03b2 significantly increased the contractile activity of HPMCs, an effect that was abolished by downregulation of calponin 1 expression. We infer that differentiation of HPMCs to contractile myofibroblasts facilitates stiffness of scar tissue in pleura to promote pleural fibrosis (PF) and that upregulation of calponin 1 plays a central role in this process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00289.2021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T08:57:18Z","timestamp":1641977838000},"page":"L348-L364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/aps-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Calponin 1 contributes to myofibroblast differentiation of human pleural mesothelial cells"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"322","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5288-1186","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Young-Yeon","family":"Choo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, 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