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In primary cell cocultures, fibroblasts or fibroblast-conditioned medium enhanced 1.85-fold the proliferation of primary bronchial epithelial cells ( P &lt; 0.02) compared with bronchial epithelial cells cultured alone. The proliferative activity in cocultures and in fibroblast-conditioned medium was reduced by neutralizing antibody to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and HGF receptor c-met. Neutralizing antibodies to FGF-7 and IGF-1 had no effect. Treatment of fibroblast-epithelial cocultures with anti-IL-6 and anti-TNF-\u03b1 neutralizing antibodies and with indomethacin decreased production of HGF. 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