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To investigate whether VAD promotes bronchial hyperreactivity, we have assessed methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in VAD and vitamin A-sufficient rats. Bronchial constriction developed at lower concentrations of inhaled methacholine in VAD than in vitamin A-sufficient rats. This did not result from an increase in the bronchial wall thickness or the clearance of a small molecule (with a size similar to methacholine) from the air space. The function and abundance of the muscarinic M<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>receptors in bronchial tissue were reduced in VAD rats, suggesting that this receptor may contribute to these animals' diminished ability to limit cholinergic-mediated bronchoconstriction. A similar reduction in muscarinic M<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>receptor function has been observed in asthma. Vitamin A (retinol) and its congeners (retinoids) may be required to regulate bronchial responsiveness in addition to maintaining a normal bronchial epithelium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00319.2001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,3]],"date-time":"2015-03-03T20:16:48Z","timestamp":1425413808000},"page":"L1031-L1039","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Vitamin A deficiency promotes bronchial hyperreactivity in rats by altering muscarinic M<sub>2<\/sub>receptor function"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"282","author":[{"given":"Stephen E.","family":"McGowan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service and Departments of"},{"name":"Internal Medicine and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amey 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