{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:43:03Z","timestamp":1791582183654,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"2","funder":[{"name":"Hungarian Grants OTKA","award":["K73044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K73044"]}]},{"name":"Developing Competitiveness of Universities in the South Transdanubian Region","award":["K-2012-SROP-4.2.2.A-11\/1\/KONV.-0443534\/130."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K-2012-SROP-4.2.2.A-11\/1\/KONV.-0443534\/130."]}]},{"name":"Developing Competitiveness of Universities in the South Transdanubian Region","award":["K-2012-SROP-4.2.2.A-11\/1\/KONV.-0443534\/130."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K-2012-SROP-4.2.2.A-11\/1\/KONV.-0443534\/130."]}]},{"name":"GINOP","award":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00050 (PEPSYS)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00050 (PEPSYS)"]}]},{"name":"GINOP","award":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00048 (STAY ALIVE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00048 (STAY ALIVE)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sporadic clinical reports suggested that marijuana smoking induces spontaneous pneumothorax, but no animal models were available to validate these observations and to study the underlying mechanisms. Therefore, we performed a systematic study in CD1 mice as a predictive animal model and assessed the pathophysiological alterations in response to 4-mo-long whole body marijuana smoke with integrative methodologies in comparison with tobacco smoke. Bronchial responsiveness was measured with unrestrained whole body plethysmography, cell profile in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid with flow cytometry, myeloperoxidase activity with spectrophotometry, inflammatory cytokines with ELISA, and histopathological alterations with light microscopy. Daily marijuana inhalation evoked severe bronchial hyperreactivity after a week. Characteristic perivascular\/peribronchial edema, atelectasis, apical emphysema, and neutrophil and macrophage infiltration developed after 1 mo of marijuana smoking; lymphocyte accumulation after 2 mo; macrophage-like giant cells, irregular or destroyed bronchial mucosa, goblet cell hyperplasia after 3 mo; and severe atelectasis, emphysema, obstructed or damaged bronchioles, and endothelial proliferation at 4 mo. Myeloperoxidase activity, inflammatory cell, and cytokine profile correlated with these changes. Airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation were not altered in mice lacking the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. In comparison, tobacco smoke induced hyperresponsiveness after 2 mo and significantly later caused inflammatory cell infiltration\/activation with only mild emphysema. We provide the first systematic and comparative experimental evidence that marijuana causes severe airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, tissue destruction, and emphysema, which are not mediated by the CB1 receptor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00354.2016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,12]],"date-time":"2017-05-12T00:20:18Z","timestamp":1494548418000},"page":"L267-L277","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Marijuana smoke induces severe pulmonary hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and emphysema in a predictive mouse model not via CB1 receptor activation"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"313","author":[{"given":"Z.","family":"Helyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9cs, Hungary;"},{"name":"J\u00e1nos Szent\u00e1gothai Research Center, University of P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9cs, Hungary;"},{"name":"University of P\u00e9cs-Hungarian Brain Research Program B Chronic Pain Research Group, University of P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9cs, Hungary;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4523-3938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1.","family":"Kem\u00e9ny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9cs, Hungary;"},{"name":"J\u00e1nos Szent\u00e1gothai Research Center, University of P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9cs, Hungary;"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Csek\u0151","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9cs, Hungary;"},{"name":"University of P\u00e9cs-Hungarian Brain Research Program B Chronic Pain Research Group, University of P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9cs, Hungary;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9.","family":"Sz\u0151ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9cs, Hungary;"},{"name":"J\u00e1nos Szent\u00e1gothai Research Center, University of P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9cs, Hungary;"},{"name":"University of P\u00e9cs-Hungarian Brain Research Program B Chronic Pain Research Group, University of P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9cs, Hungary;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Elekes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9cs, Hungary;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Mester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9cs, Hungary;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"S\u00e1ndor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9cs, Hungary;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Perkecz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9cs, Hungary;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Kereskai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9cs, Hungary;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"M\u00e1rk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry; 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