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To test this hypothesis, we examined particulate smoke extracts from marijuana cigarettes, tobacco cigarettes, and placebo marijuana (0% THC) cigarettes for their effects on the mitochondrial function of A549 cells in vitro. Only extracts prepared from marijuana cigarettes altered mitochondrial staining by the potentiometric probe JC-1. With the use of a cross-flow, nose-only inhalation system, rats were then exposed for 20 min to whole marijuana smoke and examined for its effects on airway epithelial cells. Inhalation of marijuana smoke produced lung tissue concentrations of THC that were 8\u201310 times higher than those measured in blood (75 \u00b1 38 ng\/g wet wt tissue vs. 9.2 \u00b1 2.0 ng\/ml), suggesting high local exposure. Intratracheal infusion of JC-1 immediately following marijuana smoke exposure revealed a diffuse decrease in lung cell JC-1 red fluorescence compared with tissue from unexposed or placebo smoke-exposed rats. Exposure to marijuana smoke in vivo also decreased JC-1 red fluorescence (54% decrease, P &lt; 0.01) and ATP levels (75% decrease, P &lt; 0.01) in single-cell preparations of tracheal epithelial cells. These results suggest that inhalation of marijuana smoke has deleterious effects on airway epithelial cell energetics that may contribute to the adverse pulmonary consequences of marijuana smoking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00371.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,14]],"date-time":"2006-01-14T01:23:50Z","timestamp":1137201830000},"page":"L1202-L1209","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Inhaled marijuana smoke disrupts mitochondrial energetics in pulmonary epithelial cells in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"290","author":[{"given":"Theodore A.","family":"Sarafian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Oldham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navindra","family":"Seeram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru-Po","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald P.","family":"Tashkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1996.tb02264.x"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/140.1.202"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.178.2.101"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolt MW, Card JW, Racz WJ, Brien JF, and Massey TE.Disruption of mitochondrial function and cellular ATP levels by amiodarone and N-desethylamiodarone in initiation of amiodarone-induced pulmonary cytotoxicity.J Pharmacol Exp Ther298: 1280\u20131289, 2001.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)29503-3"},{"key":"R5","unstructured":"Chiu P, Karler R, Craven C, Olsen DM, and Turkanis SA.The influence of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and cannabidiol on tissue oxygen consumption.Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol12: 267\u2013286, 1975."},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2004.05.013"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/22.5.741"},{"key":"R8","unstructured":"Gerde P, Muggenburg BA, Lundborg M, Tesfaigzi Y, and Dahl AR.Respiratory epithelial penetration and clearance of particle-borne benzo[a]pyrene.Res Rep Health Eff Inst: 5\u201325, 2001."},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0002889778507712"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(89)90323-5"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17271"},{"key":"R12","unstructured":"Johnston LD, O'Malley P, and Bachman JG.Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975\u20132001.Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, US Dept of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 2002."},{"key":"R13","unstructured":"Keith CHand Derrick JC.Measurement of the particle size distribution and concentration of cigarette smoke by the conifuge.Tobacco Sci5: 84\u201391, 1961."},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1602"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(72)90283-3"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(02)00412-5"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(97)00328-6"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1983.10545805"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.6.3281"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.10.6.8003339"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)82720-X"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/027868200303939"},{"key":"R23","unstructured":"Phalen R.Methods in Inhalation Toxicology.Boca Raton, FL: CRC, chapt. 5, 1997, p. 69\u201384."},{"key":"R24","unstructured":"Price OT, Asgharian B, Miller FJ, Cassee FR, and de Winter-Sorkina R.Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry Model (MPPD V1.0): A Model for Human and Rat Airway Particle Dosimetry. 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