{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T22:23:44Z","timestamp":1774563824335,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>TNF-\u03b1 has been associated with chorioamnionitis and the subsequent development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants. We asked whether bioactive recombinant ovine TNF-\u03b1 could induce chorioamnionitis, lung inflammation, lung maturation, and systemic effects in fetal sheep. We compared the responses to IL-1\u03b1, a cytokine known to induce these responses in preterm sheep. Intra-amniotic TNF-\u03b1 caused no chorioamnionitis, no lung maturation, and a very small increase in inflammatory cells in the fetal lung after 5 h, 2 days (d), and 7 d. In contrast, IL-1\u03b1 induced inflammation and lung maturation. TNF-\u03b1 given into the airways at birth increased granulocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of ventilated preterm lungs and decreased the mRNA for surfactant protein C but did not adversely effect postnatal lung function. An intravascular injection of IL-1\u03b1 caused a systemic inflammatory response in fetal sheep, whereas there was no fetal response to intravascular TNF-\u03b1. Fetal and newborn preterm sheep are minimally responsive to TNF-\u03b1. Therefore, the presence of a mediator such as TNF-\u03b1 in a developing animal does not necessarily mean that it is causing the responses anticipated from previous results in adult animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00393.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,3]],"date-time":"2015-03-03T20:21:40Z","timestamp":1425414100000},"page":"L121-L129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Minimal lung and systemic responses to TNF-\u03b1 in preterm sheep"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"285","author":[{"given":"Machiko","family":"Ikegami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy J. 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