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This study was designed to use video-microscopy to simultaneously measure CBF and MTV in the tracheal epithelium through an implanted optical window in mechanically ventilated lambs. The inspired air in 6 animals was heated to body temperature and fully saturated with water for 4\u2009hours as a baseline. In another series of experiments, 5 lambs were ventilated with air at different temperatures and humidities and the mucosal surface temperature was monitored with infrared macro-imaging. In the baseline experiments, during ventilation with fully humidified air at body temperature, CBF remained constant, mean 13.9\u2009\u00b1\u20091.6\u2009Hz but MTV varied considerably between 0.1 and 26.1\u2009mm\/min with mean 11.0\u2009\u00b1\u20093.9\u2009mm\/min, resulting in a maximum mucus displacement of 34.2\u2009\u00b5m\/cilia beat. Fully humidified air at body temperature prevented fluctuations in the surface temperature during breathing indicating a thermodynamic balance in the airways. When lambs were ventilated with dryer air, the mucosal surface temperature and MTV dropped without a significant change in CBF. When inspired air was dry, mainly latent heat (92%) was transferred to air in the trachea, reducing the surface temperature by 5\u2009\u00b0C. Reduced humidity of the inspired air lowered the surface temperature and reduced MTV in the epithelium during ventilation. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00485.2020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T13:08:27Z","timestamp":1610543307000},"page":"L473-L485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/aps-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Variability in tracheal mucociliary transport is not controlled by beating cilia in lambs in vivo during ventilation with humidified and nonhumidified air"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"320","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6151-545X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. 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