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This has been done in a cross-disciplinary fashion since these conditions may occur in patients of various ages and in different medical fields. We here define these clinical conditions, then we review the physiopathology of these conditions and the animal models used to mimic them, and, finally, their pathobiology. Mechanisms of bile acid-induced lung injury have been partially clarified over time and are represented by 1) the interaction with secretory phospholipase A2 pathway, 2) the effect on surfactant function and structure, 3) the biological effects on inflammation and local immunity, and 4) the direct cellular toxicity. These mechanisms are schematically illustrated and histological comparisons between acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by bile acids and other triggers are also provided. 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