{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:48:13Z","timestamp":1793386093713,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Antioxidants present within lung epithelial lining fluids (ELFs) constitute an initial line of defense against inhaled environmental oxidants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides, and tobacco smoke, but the antioxidant composition of human ELFs is still incompletely characterized. We analyzed ELF concentrations of the low-molecular-mass antioxidants ascorbate, urate, glutathione (GSH), and \u03b1-tocopherol by obtaining bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and nasal lavage fluids from healthy nonsmoking volunteers and compared two different BAL procedures. ELF dilution by the lavage procedures was estimated by measurement of urea in recovered BAL fluids in comparison with those in blood plasma from the same subjects. The results indicated that a recently developed single-cycle BAL procedure minimizes influx of non-ELF urea into the instilled fluid and thus allows for a more accurate determination of ELF antioxidant concentrations. Using this procedure, we determined that bronchoalveolar ELF contains 40 \u00b1 18 (SD) \u03bcM ascorbate, 207 \u00b1 167 \u03bcM urate, 109 \u00b1 64 \u03bcM GSH, and 0.7 \u00b1 0.3 \u03bcM \u03b1-tocopherol ( n = 12 subjects). Similar analysis of nasal lavage fluid yielded nasal ELF levels of 28 \u00b1 19 \u03bcM ascorbate and 225 \u00b1 105 \u03bcM urate ( n = 12 subjects), whereas GSH was undetectable (&lt;0.5 \u03bcM). Our results demonstrate that ascorbate and urate are major low-molecular-mass ELF antioxidants in both the upper and lower respiratory tract, whereas GSH is present at significant concentrations only in bronchoalveolar ELF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.1999.276.2.l289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,23]],"date-time":"2017-12-23T22:52:18Z","timestamp":1514069538000},"page":"L289-L296","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Determination of low-molecular-mass antioxidant concentrations in human respiratory tract lining fluids"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"276","author":[{"given":"Albert","family":"van der Vliet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary\/Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento 95817;"},{"name":"Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles A.","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary\/Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento 95817;"},{"name":"Toxicology Department, Genentech, Inc., So. 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