{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T22:42:21Z","timestamp":1770331341013,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We describe an optical method to quantify single- gland secretion. Isolated tracheal mucosa were mounted at the air-Krebs interface and coated with oil. Gland secretions formed spherical bubbles that were digitally imaged at intervals, allowing rates of secretion to be calculated. We monitored 340 glands in 54 experiments with 12 sheep. Glands secreted basally at low rates (0.57 \u00b1 0.04 nl \u00b7 min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> \u00b7 gland<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, 123 glands) in tissues up to 9 h postharvest and at lower rates for up to 3 days. Carbachol (10 \u03bcM) stimulated secretion with an early transient and a sustained or oscillating phase. Peak secretion was 15.7 \u00b1 1.2 nl \u00b7 min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> \u00b7 gland<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (60 glands); sustained secretion was 4.5 \u00b1 0.5 nl \u00b7 min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> \u00b7 gland<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (10 glands). Isoproterenol and phenylephrine (10 \u03bcM each) stimulated only small, transient responses. We confirmed that cats have a large secretory response to phenylephrine (11.6 \u00b1 3.7 nl \u00b7 min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> \u00b7 gland<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, 12 glands), but pigs, sheep, and humans all have small responses (&lt;2 nl \u00b7 min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> \u00b7 gland<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). Carbachol-stimulated peak secretion was inhibited 56% by bumetanide, 67% by HCO[Formula: see text] replacement with HEPES, and 92% by both. The distribution of secretion rates was nonnormal, suggesting the existence of subpopulations of glands. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2001.281.2.l458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,23]],"date-time":"2017-12-23T16:14:10Z","timestamp":1514045650000},"page":"L458-L468","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Optical method for quantifying rates of mucus secretion from single submucosal glands"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"281","author":[{"given":"Nam Soo","family":"Joo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis Research Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford 94305-2130; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin V.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis Research Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford 94305-2130; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauri 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