{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T06:25:03Z","timestamp":1793946303668,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aims of this study were to determine optimal pacing parameters of electrical stimulation on different gut segments and to investigate effects and possible mechanisms of gastrointestinal electrical stimulation on gut slow waves. Twelve female hound-mix dogs were used in this study. A total of six pairs of electrodes were implanted on the stomach, duodenum, and ascending colon. Bilateral truncal vagotomy was performed in six of the dogs. One experiment was designed to study the effects of the pacing frequency on the entrainment of gut slow waves. Another experiment was designed to study the modulatory effects of the vagal and sympathetic pathways on gastrointestinal pacing. The frequency of slow waves was 4.88 \u00b1 0.23 cpm (range, 4\u20136 cpm) in the stomach and 19.68 \u00b1 0.31 cpm (range, 18\u201322 cpm) in the duodenum. There were no consistent or dominant frequencies of the slow waves in the colon. The optimal parameters to entrain slow waves were: frequency of 1.1 intrinsic frequency (IF; 10% higher than IF) and pulse width of 150\u2013450 ms (mean, 320.0 \u00b1 85.4 ms) for the stomach, and 1.1 IF and 10\u201320 ms for the small intestine. Electrical stimulation was not able to alter colon slow waves. The maximum entrainable frequency was 1.27 IF in the stomach and 1.21 IF in the duodenum. Gastrointestinal pacing was not blocked by vagotomy nor the application of an \u03b1- or \u03b2-adrenergic receptor antagonist; whereas the induction of gastric dysrhythmia with electrical stimulation was completely blocked by the application of the \u03b1- or \u03b2-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Gastrointestinal pacing is achievable in the stomach and small intestine but not the colon, and the maximal entrainable frequency of the gastric and small intestinal slow waves is about 20% higher than the IF. The entrainment of slow waves with gastrointestinal pacing is not modulated by the vagal or sympathetic pathways, suggesting a purely peripheral or muscle effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00006.2009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,27]],"date-time":"2009-08-27T02:14:57Z","timestamp":1251339297000},"page":"R1392-R1399","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effects and mechanisms of gastrointestinal electrical stimulation on slow waves: a systematic canine study"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"297","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geng-Qing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jieyun","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiande D. 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