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However, there are many methodological difficulties regarding the quantification of BRS by the traditional indices especially in relation to the issue of causality. This difficulty has been directly tackled via a model-based approach describing the closed-loop HP-SAP interactions and the exogenous influences of respiration. Therefore, we aimed to assess whether the BRS assessed by the model-based causal closed-loop approach during supine and active standing in patients with FMS could provide complementary information to those obtained by traditional indices based on time and frequency domains. The findings of this study revealed that, at difference with the traditional methods to quantify BRS, the causality analysis applied to the HP, SAP, and respiratory series, through the model-based closed-loop approach, detected lower BRS in supine position, as well as a blunted response to the orthostatic stimulus in patients with FMS compared with healthy control subjects. Also, the strength of the causal relation from SAP to HP (i.e., along the cardiac baroreflex) increased during the active standing only in the control subjects. The model-based closed-loop approach proved to provide important complementary information about the cardiovascular autonomic control in patients with FMS. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00012.2015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,22]],"date-time":"2015-04-22T23:02:10Z","timestamp":1429743730000},"page":"R79-R84","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Cardiovascular control in women with fibromyalgia syndrome: do causal methods provide nonredundant information compared with more traditional approaches?"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"309","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7480-3047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Roberto","family":"Zamun\u00e9r","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6720-9824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Porta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy;"},{"name":"Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina Pieroni","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Marchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy; 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