{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:52:03Z","timestamp":1792018323958,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The increase in obesity and lipid disorders in industrialized countries may be due to irregular eating patterns. Few studies have investigated the effects of nighttime snacking on energy metabolism. We examined the effects of nighttime snacking for 13 days on energy metabolism. Eleven healthy women (means \u00b1 SD; age: 23 \u00b1 1 yr; body mass index: 20.6 \u00b1 2.6 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) participated in this randomized crossover trial for a 13-day intervention period. Subjects consumed a specified snack (192.4 \u00b1 18.3 kcal) either during the daytime (10:00) or the night time (23:00) for 13 days. On day 14, energy metabolism was measured in a respiratory chamber without snack consumption. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed on day 15. Relative to daytime snacking, nighttime snacking significantly decreased fat oxidation (daytime snacking: 52.0 \u00b1 13.6 g\/day; nighttime snacking: 45.8 \u00b1 14.0 g\/day; P = 0.02) and tended to increase the respiratory quotient (daytime snacking: 0.878 \u00b1 0.022; nighttime snacking: 0.888 \u00b1 0.021; P = 0.09). The frequency of snack intake and energy intake, body weight, and energy expenditure were not affected. Total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol significantly increased after nighttime snacking (152 \u00b1 26 mg\/dl and 161 \u00b1 29 mg\/dl; P = 0.03 and 76 \u00b1 20 mg\/dl and 83 \u00b1 24 mg\/dl; P = 0.01, respectively), but glucose and insulin levels after the glucose load were not affected. Nighttime snacking increased total and LDL cholesterol and reduced fat oxidation, suggesting that eating at night changes fat metabolism and increases the risk of obesity. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00115.2012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,22]],"date-time":"2012-11-22T20:55:13Z","timestamp":1353617713000},"page":"R94-R101","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Nighttime snacking reduces whole body fat oxidation and increases LDL cholesterol in healthy young women"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"304","author":[{"given":"Masanobu","family":"Hibi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Care Food Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayumi","family":"Masumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuri","family":"Naito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kahori","family":"Kiuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yayoi","family":"Yoshimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Care Food Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Seitoku University, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuhiro","family":"Katashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Care Food Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Oka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Home Economics, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; 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