{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T01:20:22Z","timestamp":1788916822649,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Reduced uteroplacental blood flow is hypothesized to play a key role in altitude-associated fetal growth restriction. It is unknown whether reduced blood flow is a cause or consequence of reduced fetal size. We asked whether determinants of uteroplacental blood flow were altered prior to reduced fetal growth and whether vasoactive and\/or angiogenic factors were involved. Women residing at low (LA; 1600 m, n = 18) or high altitude (HA; 3100 m, n = 25) were studied during pregnancy (20, 30, and 36 wk ) and 4 mo postpartum (PP) using Doppler ultrasound. In each study, endothelin (ET-1), nitric oxide metabolites (NO<jats:sub> x<\/jats:sub>), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFlt-1) and placental growth factor (PlGF) levels were quantified. At HA, birth weights were lower ( P &lt; 0.01) and small-for-gestational age was more common ( P &lt; 0.05) compared with LA. HA was associated with lower uterine artery (UA) diameter ( P &lt; 0.01) and blood flow ( P &lt; 0.05). Altitude did not affect ET-1, sFlt-1 or PlGF; however, ET-1\/NO<jats:sub> x<\/jats:sub> was greater and NO<jats:sub> x<\/jats:sub> lower during pregnancy and PP at HA vs. LA. ET-1\/NO<jats:sub> x<\/jats:sub> was negatively associated with birth weight (20 wk, P &lt; 0.01; 36 wk, P = 0.05) at LA and HA combined. At HA, UA blood flow (30 wk) was positively associated with birth weight (\u2020). UA blood flow and ET-1\/NO<jats:sub> x<\/jats:sub> levels accounted for 45% (20 wk) and 32% (30 wk) of birth weight variation at LA and HA combined, primarily attributed to effects at HA. We concluded that elevated ET-1\/NO<jats:sub> x<\/jats:sub> and altered determinants of uteroplacental blood flow occur prior to altitude-associated reductions in fetal growth, and therefore, they are likely a cause rather than a consequence of smaller fetal size. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00164.2008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,25]],"date-time":"2008-06-25T20:55:08Z","timestamp":1214427308000},"page":"R906-R915","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Lower uterine artery blood flow and higher endothelin relative to nitric oxide metabolite levels are associated with reductions in birth weight at high altitude"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"295","author":[{"given":"Colleen Glyde","family":"Julian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry L.","family":"Galan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan J.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"DeSilva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darleen","family":"Cioffi-Ragan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorna G.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(03)00332-1"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.1999.11904392"},{"key":"R3","unstructured":"Carter A. 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