{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:18:03Z","timestamp":1761581883569,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"6","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18K06451","18K10695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K06451","18K10695"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009666","name":"Salt Science Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1921"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009666","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Although heart rate (HR) is governed by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, a head-to-head comparison of the open-loop dynamic characteristics of the total arc from a baroreceptor pressure input to the HR response has yet to be performed. We estimated the transfer function from carotid sinus pressure input to the HR response ( H<jats:sub>CSP\u2192HR<\/jats:sub>) before and after bilateral vagotomy ( n = 7) as well as before and after the administration of a \u03b2-blocker propranolol ( n = 8) in anesthetized male Wistar-Kyoto rats. The carotid sinus pressure was perturbed according to a Gaussian white noise signal so that the input power spectra were relatively flat between 0.01 and 1 Hz. The gain plot of H<jats:sub>CSP\u2192HR<\/jats:sub> was V-shaped. Vagotomy reduced the dynamic gain at 1 Hz (0.0598\u2009\u00b1\u20090.0065 to 0.0025\u2009\u00b1\u20090.0004 beats\u00b7min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00b7mmHg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, P &lt; 0.001) but not at 0.01 or 0.1 Hz. \u03b2-Blockade reduced the dynamic gain at 0.01 Hz (0.247\u2009\u00b1\u20090.069 to 0.077\u2009\u00b1\u20090.017 beats\u00b7min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00b7mmHg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, P = 0.020) but not at 0.1 or 1 Hz. We also estimated the efferent limb transfer function from electrical vagal efferent stimulation to the HR response ( H<jats:sub>VN\u2192HR<\/jats:sub>) under \u03b2-blockade conditions. We associated the model parameters of H<jats:sub>VN\u2192HR<\/jats:sub> with the mean HR and the standard deviation of HR so that H<jats:sub>VN\u2192HR<\/jats:sub> could be estimated based only on the HR data. We finally estimated the neural arc transfer function from a pressure input to efferent vagal nerve activity by dividing H<jats:sub>CSP\u2192HR<\/jats:sub> by H<jats:sub>VN\u2192HR<\/jats:sub>. The mathematically determined vagal neural arc showed derivative characteristics with its phase near zero radians at the lowest frequency. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00231.2019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]],"date-time":"2019-10-16T14:45:19Z","timestamp":1571237119000},"page":"R879-R890","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Contrasting open-loop dynamic characteristics of sympathetic and vagal systems during baroreflex-mediated heart rate control in rats"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"317","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4429-1802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toru","family":"Kawada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiromi","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3836-2333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohsuke","family":"Hayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Nishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunihiko","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Medicine, Gifu University of Medical Science, Gifu, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masaru","family":"Sugimachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1987.253.1.H176"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1985.249.4.H867"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118032428"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1989.256.1.H142"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1991.261.4.H1292"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01061.2007"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00342"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2010.11.004"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"Primer of biostatistics","author":"Glantz SA","year":"2002","edition":"5"},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Primer of Applied Regression & Analysis of Variance","author":"Glantz SA","year":"2001","edition":"2"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1996.271.3.H882"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1970.218.4.1030"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1996.271.1.H288"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12055"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00092.2018"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00354.2017"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-015-0412-5"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2012.6346797"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00288.2019"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00750.2001"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(79)90004-3"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000047275.25795.17"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.29.5.437"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1994.tb01164.x"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00438"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-3970-0"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2010.053090"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00752.2003"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00424.2015"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00101.2016"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/7.4.308"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13887"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.59.2.178"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1985.248.1.H151"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(93)90050-5"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1999.276.1.H326"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1991.260.1.H300"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1979)036<2020:CSL>2.0.CO;2"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00231.2019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T10:46:09Z","timestamp":1576233969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00231.2019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/ajpregu.00231.2019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00231.2019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-6119","1522-1490"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0363-6119"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1522-1490"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]}}}