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LHb-elicited thermogenesis involves a neural pathway to the lower brain stem sympathetic control center in the medullary raph\u00e9. There are no direct connections from the LHb to the medullary raph\u00e9. LHb-mediated behavioral responses involve inhibitory control over the dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), mediated via an excitatory drive from the LHb to GABAergic neurons in the tail of the VTA. We hypothesized that inhibition of the VTA is also involved in LHb-mediated BAT thermogenesis. To test this hypothesis, inhibition of neurons in the VTA with muscimol increased BAT sympathetic nerve discharge by 22.0\u2009\u00b1\u20099.2 dB\u03bcV ( n = 24, P &lt; 0.0001) and BAT temperature by 1.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1\u00b0C ( P &lt; 0.001). This response was abolished by inhibition of the medullary raph\u00e9 neurons with muscimol. BAT thermogenesis initiated with focal injections of bicuculline in the LHb was reversed by subsequent blockade of GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptors in the VTA with bicuculline. These results suggest that, at least in anesthetized rats, neurons in the VTA tonically inhibit BAT thermogenesis via a link, presently unknown, to the medullary raph\u00e9. Removal of this VTA-initiated inhibition is an important mechanism whereby LHb neurons activate BAT thermogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00256.2018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]],"date-time":"2018-11-08T12:26:14Z","timestamp":1541679974000},"page":"R6-R12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Neurons in ventral tegmental area tonically inhibit sympathetic outflow to brown adipose tissue: possible mediation of thermogenic signals from lateral habenula"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"316","author":[{"given":"Mariana","family":"Brizuela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience, Discipline of Human Physiology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Swoap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, 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