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To investigate the relevance of this finding, we evaluated the cardiovascular effects produced by the endogenous ligand of MrgD, alamandine, in this brain region. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were recorded in urethane anesthetized rats. Unilateral microinjection of equimolar doses of alamandine (40\u2009pmol\/100 nL), angiotensin-(1\u20137), angiotensin II, angiotensin A, and Mas\/MrgD antagonist d-Pro<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>-Ang-1-7 (50\u2009pmol\/100 nL), Mas antagonist A779 (100\u2009pmol\/100 nL), or vehicle (0.9% NaCl) were made in different rats ( n = 4\u20136\/group) into rIC. To verify the specificity of the region, a microinjection of alamandine was also performed into intermediate insular cortex (iIC). Microinjection of alamandine in rIC produced an increase in MAP (\u0394 = 15\u2009\u00b1\u20092\u2009mmHg), HR (\u0394 = 36\u2009\u00b1\u20094 beats\/min), and RSNA (\u0394 = 31\u2009\u00b1\u20094%), but was without effects at iIC. Strikingly, an equimolar dose of angiotensin-(1\u20137) at rIC did not produce any change in MAP, HR, and RSNA. Angiotensin II and angiotensin A produced only minor effects. Alamandine effects were not altered by A-779, a Mas antagonist, but were completely blocked by the Mas\/MrgD antagonist d-Pro<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>-Ang-(1\u20137). Therefore, we have identified a brain region in which alamandine\/MrgD receptor but not angiotensin-(1\u20137)\/Mas could be involved in the modulation of cardiovascular-related neuronal activity. This observation also suggests that alamandine might possess unique effects unrelated to angiotensin-(1\u20137) in the brain. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00308.2020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T15:51:02Z","timestamp":1628092262000},"page":"R513-R521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/aps-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Alamandine but not angiotensin-(1\u20137) produces cardiovascular effects at the rostral insular cortex"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"321","author":[{"given":"Fernanda Ribeiro","family":"Marins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Hipertens\u00e3o, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline 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