{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T03:13:44Z","timestamp":1774926824480,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL 56470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL 56470"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL 138402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL 138402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Continuous infusion of prostaglandin E1 (PGE<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) is used to maintain ductus arteriosus patency in infants with critical congenital heart disease, but it can also cause central apnea suggesting an effect on respiratory neural control. In this study, we investigated whether 1) PGE<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>inhibits the various phases of the acute hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR; an index of respiratory control dysfunction) and increases apnea incidence in neonatal rats; and 2) whether these changes would be reversible with caffeine pretreatment. Whole body plethysmography was used to assess the HVR and apnea incidence in neonatal rats 2 h following a single bolus intraperitoneal injection of PGE<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>with and without prior caffeine treatment. Untreated rats exhibited a biphasic HVR characterized by an initial increase in minute ventilation followed by a ventilatory decline of the late phase (~5th minute) of the HVR. PGE<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>had a dose-dependent effect on the HVR. Contrary to our hypothesis, the lowest dose (1 \u00b5g\/kg) of PGE<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>prevented the ventilatory decline of the late phase of the HVR. However, PGE<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>tended to increase postsigh apnea incidence and the coefficient of variability (CV) of breathing frequency, suggesting increased respiratory instability. PGE<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>also decreased brainstem microglia mRNA and increased neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and platelet-derived growth factor-\u03b2 (PDGF-\u03b2) gene expression. Caffeine pretreatment prevented these effects of PGE<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, and the adenosine A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>receptor inhibitor MSX-3 had similar preventative effects. Prostaglandin appears to have deleterious effects on brainstem respiratory control regions, possibly involving a microglial-dependent mechanism. The compensatory effects of caffeine or MSX-3 treatment raises the question of whether prostaglandin may also operate on an adenosine-dependent pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00316.2019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T23:42:35Z","timestamp":1593042155000},"page":"R233-R242","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Caffeine prevents prostaglandin E<sub>1<\/sub>-induced disturbances in respiratory control in neonatal rats: implications for infants with critical congenital heart disease"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"319","author":[{"given":"L. J.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. 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