{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:01:04Z","timestamp":1791046864456,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We describe the determinants of urinary oxygen tension (Po<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and the potential for use of urinary Po<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>as a \u201cphysiological biomarker\u201d of the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospital settings. We also identify knowledge gaps required for clinical translation of bedside monitoring of urinary Po<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Hypoxia in the renal medulla is a hallmark of AKI of diverse etiology. Urine in the collecting ducts would be expected to equilibrate with the tissue Po<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>of the inner medulla. Accordingly, the Po<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>of urine in the renal pelvis changes in response to stimuli that would be expected to alter oxygenation of the renal medulla. Oxygen exchange across the walls of the ureter and bladder will confound measurement of the Po<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>of bladder urine. Nevertheless, the Po<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>of bladder urine also changes in response to stimuli that would be expected to alter renal medullary oxygenation. If confounding influences can be understood, urinary bladder Po<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>may provide prognostically useful information, including for prediction of AKI after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. To translate bedside monitoring of urinary Po<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>into the clinical setting, we require 1) a more detailed knowledge of the relationship between renal medullary oxygenation and the Po<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>of pelvic urine under physiological and pathophysiological conditions; 2) a quantitative understanding of the impact of oxygen transport across the ureteric epithelium on urinary Po<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>measured from the bladder; and 3) a simple, robust medical device that can be introduced into the bladder via a standard catheter to provide reliable and continuous measurement of urinary Po<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00437.2013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,14]],"date-time":"2013-11-14T06:09:59Z","timestamp":1384409399000},"page":"R45-R50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Urinary oxygen tension: a clinical window on the health of the renal 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