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Male-female sex differences in the physiology of eating involve both organizational and activational effects of androgens and estrogens. An activational effect of estrogens decreases eating 1) during the periovulatory period of the ovarian cycle in rats, mice, monkeys, and women and 2) tonically between puberty and reproductive senescence or ovariectomy in rats and monkeys, sometimes in mice, and possibly in women. Estrogens acting on estrogen receptor-\u03b1 (ER\u03b1) in the caudal medial nucleus of the solitary tract appear to mediate these effects in rats. Androgens, prolactin, and other reproductive hormones also affect eating in rats. Sex differences in eating are mediated by alterations in orosensory capacity and hedonics, gastric mechanoreception, ghrelin, CCK, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon, insulin, amylin, apolipoprotein A-IV, fatty-acid oxidation, and leptin. The control of eating by central neurochemical signaling via serotonin, MSH, neuropeptide Y, Agouti-related peptide (AgRP), melanin-concentrating hormone, and dopamine is modulated by HPG function. Finally, sex differences in the physiology of eating may contribute to human obesity, anorexia nervosa, and binge eating. The variety and physiological importance of what has been learned so far warrant intensifying basic, translational, and clinical research on sex differences in eating.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00446.2012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]],"date-time":"2013-08-01T00:43:13Z","timestamp":1375317793000},"page":"R1215-R1267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":457,"title":["Sex differences in the physiology of eating"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"305","author":[{"given":"Lori","family":"Asarian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nori","family":"Geary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schwerzenbach, 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