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An example is the conversion of AMP to adenosine via 5\u2032-nucleotidase and the resulting activation of adenosine A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>receptors, which are involved in acute oxygen sensing by both carotid bodies and the brain. In fetal sheep, A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>receptors associated with carotid bodies trigger hypoxic cardiovascular chemoreflexes, while central A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>receptors mediate hypoxic inhibition of breathing and rapid eye movements. A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>receptors are also involved in hypoxic regulation of fetal endocrine systems, metabolism, and vascular tone. In developing lambs, A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>receptors play virtually no role in O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>sensing by the carotid bodies, but brain A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>receptors remain critically involved in the roll-off ventilatory response to hypoxia. In adult mammals, A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>receptors have been implicated in O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>sensing by carotid glomus cells, while central A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>receptors likely blunt hypoxic hyperventilation. In conclusion, A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>receptors are crucially involved in the transduction mechanisms of O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>sensing in fetal carotid bodies and brains. 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