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In the first experiment, food-deprived rats were gavaged with intact whey (WP) or albumin protein, their hydrolysates, amino acid mixtures (1 g\/2.5 ml), or water 5 min after injection of either PBS or Ex-4 (0.5 \u03bcg\/rat). Tail vein blood was analyzed for glucose over 2 h. In the second experiment, food-deprived rats were gavaged with WP with or without Ex-4. Groups of conscious rats were killed by decapitation either before, or at selected times after gavage. Plasma concentrations of glucose, amino acids, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, insulin, glucagon, and leptin were measured. In experiment 1, blood glucose was higher when intact proteins and protein hydrolysates, but not amino acid mixtures, were given with than without Ex-4 ( P &lt; 0.05). In experiment 2, concentrations of glucose, FFA, and the ratio of tyrosine to branched-chain amino acid were higher ( P &lt; 0.01), but leptin and essential amino acid concentrations were lower ( P &lt; 0.05), and insulin, glucagon, and glycerol were similar when WP was given with or without Ex-4. We conclude that the hyperglycemia caused by the administration of Ex-4 concurrently with dietary protein arises from the action of peptides released during digestion and their interaction with Ex-4 in the regulation of glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00850.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,7]],"date-time":"2005-05-07T00:31:32Z","timestamp":1115425892000},"page":"R688-R694","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Hyperglycemia after protein ingestion concurrent with injection of a GLP-1 receptor agonist in rats: a possible role for dietary peptides"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"289","author":[{"given":"Alfred","family":"Aziz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. 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