{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:10:40Z","timestamp":1790615440563,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study examined endotoxin-mediated cytokinemia during exertional heat stress (EHS). Subjects were divided into trained [TR; n = 12, peak aerobic power (V\u0307o\n                    <jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) = 70 \u00b1 2 ml\u00b7kg lean body mass\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b7min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ] and untrained (UT; n = 11, V\u0307o\n                    <jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 50 \u00b1 1 ml\u00b7kg lean body mass\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b7min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) groups before walking at 4.5 km\/h with 2% elevation in a climatic chamber (40\u00b0C, 30% relative humidity) wearing protective clothing until exhaustion (Exh). Venous blood samples at baseline and 0.5\u00b0C rectal temperature increments (38.0, 38.5, 39.0, 39.5, and 40.0\u00b0C\/Exh) were analyzed for endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide binding protein, circulating cytokines, and intranuclear NF-\u03baB translocation. Baseline and Exh samples were also stimulated with LPS (100 ng\/ml) and cultured in vitro in a 37\u00b0C water bath for 30 min. Phenotypic determination of natural killer cell frequency was also determined. Enhanced blood (104 \u00b1 6 vs. 84 \u00b1 3 ml\/kg) and plasma volumes (64 \u00b1 4 vs. 51 \u00b1 2 ml\/kg) were observed in TR compared with UT subjects. EHS produced an increased concentration of circulating endotoxin in both TR (8 \u00b1 2 pg\/ml) and UT subjects (15 \u00b1 3 pg\/ml) (range: not detected to 32 pg\/ml), corresponding with NF-\u03baB translocation and cytokine increases in both groups. In addition, circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and IL-6 were also elevated combined with concomitant increases in IL-1 receptor antagonist in both groups and IL-10 in TR subjects only. Findings suggest that the threshold for endotoxin leakage and inflammatory activation during EHS occurs at a lower temperature in UT compared with TR subjects and support the endotoxin translocation hypothesis of exertional heat stroke, linking endotoxin tolerance and heat tolerance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00917.2007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,18]],"date-time":"2008-06-18T21:59:39Z","timestamp":1213826379000},"page":"R611-R623","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["Mild endotoxemia, NF-\u03baB translocation, and cytokine increase during exertional heat stress in trained and untrained individuals"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"295","author":[{"given":"G. 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G\n                      , Schena F, Salvagno GL, Montagnana M, Ballestrieri F, Guidi GC.\n                      Comparison of the lipid profile and lipoprotein(a) between sedentary and highly trained subjects.\n                      Clin Chem Lab Med\n                      44\n                      : 322\u2013326, 2006.","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2006.056"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00274.2005"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1379\/1466-1268(2002)007<0191:THSRAC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marino A\n                      , Pellegrini F, Lucchesi AM, Roncucci P, Cosimi A, Logi G.\n                      Multiorgan damage in exertion heatstroke.\n                      Minerva Anestesiol\n                      58\n                      : 393\u2013395, 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