{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T06:10:06Z","timestamp":1751177406993,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The profound hypotension caused by acute hemorrhage is thought to involve opioid peptide neurons. In this study, we tested whether glycyl-l-glutamine [Gly-Gln; \u03b2-endorphin-(30\u201431)], a nonopioid peptide derived from \u03b2-endorphin processing, prevents the cardiovascular depression induced by hemorrhage in conscious and anesthetized rats. Previously, we found that Gly-Gln inhibits the hypotension and respiratory depression produced by \u03b2-endorphin and morphine but does not affect opioid antinociception. Hemorrhage (2.5 ml\/100 g body wt over 20 min) lowered arterial pressure in conscious rats (from 120.1 \u00b1 2.9 to 56.2 \u00b1 4.7 mmHg) but did not change heart rate significantly. Intracerebroventricular Gly-Gln (3, 10, or 30 nmol) pretreatment inhibited the fall in arterial pressure and increased heart rate significantly. The response was dose related and was sustained during the 35-min posthemorrhage interval. Pentobarbital sodium anesthesia potentiated the hemodynamic response to hemorrhage and attenuated the effect of Gly-Gln. Gly-Gln (10 or 100 nmol icv) did not influence arterial pressure or heart rate in normotensive rats. These data indicate that Gly-Gln is an effective antagonist of hemorrhagic hypotension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1997.273.5.r1598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]],"date-time":"2017-12-25T00:30:19Z","timestamp":1514161819000},"page":"R1598-R1606","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Glycyl-<scp>l<\/scp>-glutamine [\u03b2-endorphin-(30\u201431)] attenuates hemorrhagic hypotension in conscious rats"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"273","author":[{"given":"Medge D.","family":"Owen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, The Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157; Department of Pharmacology, Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey; and Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sibel","family":"G\u00fcr\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, The Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157; Department of Pharmacology, Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey; and Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary P.","family":"Zaloga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, The Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157; Department of Pharmacology, Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey; and Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William R.","family":"Millington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, The Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157; Department of Pharmacology, Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey; and Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(89)90191-4"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199601000-00017"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1988.sp017191"},{"issue":"20","key":"B4","first-page":"H612","volume":"251","author":"Darlington D. 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