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We tested the hypotheses that HR responses to activation of \u03b1-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) are reduced in CIH-exposed rats and that this impairment is associated with degeneration of glutamate receptor (GluR)-immunoreactive NA neurons. Fischer 344 rats (3\u20134 mo) were exposed to room air (RA) or CIH for 35\u201350 days ( n = 18\/group). At the end of the exposures, AMPA (4 pmol, 20 nl) and NMDA (80 pmol, 20 nl) were microinjected into the same location of the left NA (\u2212200 \u03bcm to +200 \u03bcm relative to caudal end of area postrema; n = 6\/group), and HR and arterial blood pressure responses were measured. In addition, brain stem sections at the level of \u2212800, \u2212400, 0, +400, and +800 \u03bcm relative to obex were processed for AMPA and NMDA receptor immunohistochemistry. The number of NA neurons expressing AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors (NMDARs) was quantified. Compared with RA, we found that after CIH 1) HR responses to microinjection of AMPA into the left NA were reduced (RA \u2212290 \u00b1 30 vs. CIH \u2212227 \u00b1 15 beats\/min, P &lt; 0.05); 2) HR responses to microinjection of NMDA into the left NA were reduced (RA \u2212302 \u00b1 16 vs. CIH \u2212238 \u00b1 27 beats\/min, P &lt; 0.05); and 3) the number of NMDAR1, AMPA GluR1, and AMPA GluR2\/3-immunoreactive cells in the NA was reduced ( P &lt; 0.05). These results suggest that degeneration of NA neurons expressing GluRs contributes to impaired baroreflex control of HR in rats exposed to CIH. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.90412.2008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,20]],"date-time":"2008-11-20T01:53:50Z","timestamp":1227146030000},"page":"R299-R308","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Chronic intermittent hypoxia impairs heart rate responses to AMPA and NMDA and induces loss of glutamate receptor neurons in nucleus ambiguus of F344 rats"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"296","author":[{"given":"Binbin","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott W.","family":"Harden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gozal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William B.","family":"Wead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Wurster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zixi (Jack)","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.07.062"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902620408"},{"key":"R3","unstructured":"Bonsignore G, Mancia G. 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