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The principal physiological stimulus for cardiac NPs in fish is somewhat debated between two prominent theories: regulation of salt balance (osmoregulatory hypothesis) or prevention of volume expansion (cardioprotective hypothesis). In the present study, we examined atrial and ventricular expression of trout NPs, atrial (ANP), brain (BNP), and ventricular (VNP) using Northern (mRNA), Western (NP pro-hormone), and qPCR (GC-NPR-A and -B mRNA) blot analysis following independent manipulation of plasma salt and volume levels after chronic exposure to freshwater (FW; volume loaded, salt depleted), saltwater (SW; volume depleted, salt loaded), or freshwater trout fed a high-salt diet (FW-HSD; volume and salt loaded). We also measured NP transcriptional response to acute (2 h) volume expansion with dialyzed plasma (VE; 80% blood vol) or volume depletion by hemorrhage (VD, 20% blood volume every 30 min for 2 h) with real-time PCR. In essentially all instances, increased expression of the NP system was associated with FW-HSD or plasma expansion. There were no differences in NP expression between chronically adapted FW and SW fish, and hemorrhage decreased atrial ANP and VNP mRNA. These results indicate that rainbow trout cardiac NPs and cardiovascular GC-NPRs respond principally to volume, not salt overload, and this suggests that the primary function of trout cardiac NP system is to protect the heart.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.90880.2008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,29]],"date-time":"2009-01-29T02:54:51Z","timestamp":1233197691000},"page":"R1170-R1179","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Responses of the trout cardiac natriuretic peptide system to manipulation of salt and water balance"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"296","author":[{"given":"Keven R.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth R.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00838"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brenner BM, Ballermann BJ, Gunning ME, Zeidel ML.Diverse biological actions of atrial natriuretic peptide.Pharmacol Rev70: 665\u2013699, 1990.","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1990.70.3.665"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119883"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00263.2006"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00612.2005"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z96-044"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cousins KL, Farrell AP, Sweeting RM, Vesely DL, Keen JE.Release of atrial natriuretic factor prohormone peptides 1030, 31\u201367 and 99\u2013126 from freshwater- and seawater-acclimated perfused rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hearts.J Exp Biol200: 1351\u20131362, 1997.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.9.1351"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y01-038"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.82.2.139"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2005.06.008"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402620315"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1986.251.3.R639"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1989.257.6.R1307"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-010X(19970701)278:4<215::AID-JEZ2>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00677.2001"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.52.030190.000355"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00050.2003"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402650112"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/316727"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000258532.07418.fa"},{"key":"R21","unstructured":"Harlow E, Lane D.Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual. 1988. 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