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In the present study, individual and combined effects of MSCs and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonist paricalcitol on Th17 induction were investigated in vitro and in a mouse model of sterile kidney inflammation (unilateral ureteral obstruction). In vitro, MSCs and paricalcitol additively suppressed Th17 differentiation, although only MSCs suppressed expression of Th17-associated transcriptions factors. Combined administration of MSCs and paricalcitol resulted in an early ( day 3) reduction of intrarenal CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells, CD11b<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/lymphocyte antigen 6G<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>neutrophils, and inflammatory (lymphocyte antigen 6C<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>) monocytes as well as reduced transcript for IL-17 compared with untreated animals. Later ( day 8), obstructed kidneys of MSC\/paricalcitol double-treated mice, but not mice treated with either intervention alone, had reduced tubular injury and interstitial fibrosis as well as lower numbers of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes and an increase in the ratio between M2 (CD206<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) and M1 (CD206<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>) macrophages compared with control mice. Adjunctive therapy with VDR agonists may enhance the immunosuppressive properties of MSCs in the setting of pathogenic Th17-type immune responses and related inflammatory responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00024.2014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,23]],"date-time":"2014-10-23T00:52:54Z","timestamp":1414025574000},"page":"F1412-F1426","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Mesenchymal stem cells and a vitamin D receptor agonist additively suppress T helper 17 cells and the related inflammatory response in the kidney"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"307","author":[{"given":"Michelle M.","family":"Duffy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science and College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bairbre 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