{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T02:48:07Z","timestamp":1792723687331,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    There is a lack of suitable animal models that replicate the slowly progressive chronic interstitial fibrosis that is characteristic of many human chronic nephropathies. We describe a chronic long-term (6-mo) model of lithium-induced renal fibrosis, with minimal active inflammation, which mimics chronic kidney interstitial fibrosis seen in the human kidney. Rats received lithium via their chow (60 mmol lithium\/kg food) daily for 6 mo. No animals died during the exposure. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus was established by 3 wk and persisted for the 6 mo. Following metabolic studies, the animals were killed at 1, 3, and 6 mo and the kidneys were processed for histological and immunohistochemical studies. Progressive interstitial fibrosis, characterized by increasing numbers of myofibroblasts, enhanced transforming growth factor-\u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    expression and interstitial collagen deposition, and a minimal inflammatory cellular response was evident. Elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of injury in this model will provide a greater understanding of chronic interstitial fibrosis and allow the development of intervention strategies to prevent injury.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00182.2012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,22]],"date-time":"2012-11-22T20:12:47Z","timestamp":1353615167000},"page":"F300-F307","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Chronic interstitial fibrosis in the rat kidney induced by long-term (6-mo) exposure to lithium"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"304","author":[{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Leader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Bedford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenda","family":"Gobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederiek E.","family":"Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"deJong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B. 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