{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T02:17:05Z","timestamp":1779243425808,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Lithium (Li) treatment for bipolar affective disorders is associated with a variety of renal side effects. The metabolic response of the kidney to chronic Li treatment has rarely been studied. We applied a novel method of<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabonomics to integrate metabolic profiling and to identify the changes in the levels of metabolites in the kidney and urine from rats with Li-induced NDI. Metabolic profiles of urine and kidney homogenate [3 different zones (cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla) or whole kidney] were investigated using high-resolution NMR spectroscopy coupled with pattern recognition methods. The accurate concentrations of metabolites in kidney homogenates and urine were rapidly measured using the target-profiling procedure, and the difference in the levels of metabolites was compared using multivariate analysis, such as principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis. Major endogenous metabolites for kidney homogenates contained products of glycolysis (glucose, lactate) and amino acids, as well as organic osmolytes (e.g., betaine, myo-inositol, taurine, and glycerophosphocholine). Many metabolites revealed changes in their levels, including decreased levels of organic osmolytes and amino acids in the inner medulla. A number of urinary metabolites were changed in Li-induced NDI, and in particular, elevated urinary levels of acetate, lactate, allantoin, trimethylamine, and creatine could suggest Li-induced renal cell stress or injury. Taken together, metabonomics of kidney tissue and urine based on<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H-NMR spectroscopy could provide insight into the effects of Li-induced renal effects and cell injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00389.2009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,19]],"date-time":"2009-11-19T03:17:47Z","timestamp":1258600667000},"page":"F461-F470","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Metabolic profiling of kidney and urine in rats with lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus by<sup>1<\/sup>H-NMR-based metabonomics"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"298","author":[{"given":"Geum-Sook","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Bioanalytical Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul;"},{"name":"Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, 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