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Dose-response and time-course studies with LPS showed significant increases of plasma P<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels and renal P<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>excretion, while renal calcium excretion was significantly decreased. There was no difference in plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels, but the induction of plasma intact fibroblast growth factor 23 levels peaked 3 h after LPS treatment. Western blotting, immunostaining, and quantitative real-time PCR showed that LPS administration significantly decreased Npt2a protein expression in the brush border membrane (BBM) 3 h after injection, but there was no change in renal Npt2a mRNA levels. Moreover, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 injection also increased plasma iPTH and decreased renal BBM Npt2a expression. Importantly, we revealed that parathyroidectomized rats had impaired renal P<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>excretion and BBM Npt2a expression in response to LPS. 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