{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:48:44Z","timestamp":1790185724291,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Loss of integrity of the protective impermeability barrier in the urothelium has been identified as significant in bladder dysfunction. In this study, we tested the theory that the luminal layer of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) serves as an important component of barrier function. The peptide polycation protamine sulfate (PS), 1 mg\/ml, was instilled intravesically for 10 min into rat bladders. Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), 63 IU\/ml, was instilled into an additional six rats for 30 min to digest the GAG layer. Unmanipulated controls and sham-injected controls were also performed. After 24 h, the rats were euthanized, the bladders were removed, and permeability was assessed in the Ussing chamber and by diffusion of FITC-labeled dextran (4 kDa) to measure macromolecular permeability. The status of tight junctions was assessed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. In control and sham treated rat bladders, the transepithelial electrical resistance were means of 2.5 \u00b1 1.1 vs. 2.6 \u00b1 1.1 vs 1.2 \u00b1 0.5 and 1.01 \u00b1 0.7 k\u03a9\u00b7cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in the PS-treated and ChABC-treated rat bladders ( P = 0.0016 and P = 0.0039, respectively). Similar differences were seen in dextran permeability. Histopathology showed a mild inflammation following PS treatment, but the ChABC-treated bladders were indistinguishable from controls. Tight junctions generally remained intact. ChABC digestion alone induced bladder permeability, confirming the importance of the GAG layer to bladder barrier function and supports that loss of the GAG layer seen in bladder biopsies of interstitial cystitis patients could be a significant factor producing symptoms for at least some interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome patients. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00566.2015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,25]],"date-time":"2016-02-25T03:18:48Z","timestamp":1456370328000},"page":"F1074-F1080","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["In the absence of overt urothelial damage, chondroitinase ABC digestion of the GAG layer increases bladder permeability in ovariectomized female rats"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"310","author":[{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Hurst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"},{"name":"Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Olahoma;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Van Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Tyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Kropp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rheal","family":"Towner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Olahoma;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HsuehKung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John O.","family":"Marentette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"McHowat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Mohammedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beverley","family":"Greenwood-Van Meerveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"},{"name":"Veterans Administration, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; 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