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Ten days after injury, LPP in PNC and PNC+VD rats remained significantly lower than C rats. Three weeks after injury, LPP in all injury groups had recovered to C values. Histological evidence of injury was still evident in the external urethral sphincter (EUS) after VD and PNC+VD 10 days after injury. Three weeks after injury, the EUS of PNC+VD rats remained disrupted. One day after VD, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the EUS was reduced, while neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) and nerve growth factor (NGF) expression was unchanged. BDNF, NT-4, and NGF expression was dramatically upregulated in the EUS after PNC. After PNC+VD, NGF expression was upregulated, and BDNF and NT-4 expression was upregulated somewhat but not to the same extent as after PNC. Ten days after injury, PNC+VD had the least number of normal nerve fascicles near the EUS, followed by PNC and VD. Twenty-one days after injury, all injury groups had fewer normal nerve fascicles, but without significant differences compared with C rats. PNC+VD therefore provides a more severe injury than PNC or VD alone. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90602.2008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,18]],"date-time":"2008-12-18T16:02:33Z","timestamp":1229616153000},"page":"F277-F283","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Dual simulated childbirth injury delays anatomic recovery"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"296","author":[{"given":"Hui Q.","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Kerns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan L.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sypert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Steward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher R. 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